Microhydro Water Turbine Design for Energy Supply in Remote Rural Areas

Abstract

Purpose: This study investigates the design and validation of a microhydro turbine system as a decentralized energy solution for rural communities in remote areas. The research aims to demonstrate the technical, economic, and social feasibility of microhydro as a sustainable alternative to diesel-based electricity

Subjects and Methods: The study was conducted in a rural catchment with an average discharge of 120 L/s and a net head of 14.8 m. Hydrological data were collected over a 60-day period using flow and pressure loggers to establish flow duration curves. A 2 kW crossflow turbine prototype was constructed and tested to evaluate efficiency, voltage stability, and frequency regulation. Economic performance was assessed through Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) analysis, incorporating capital and operating expenditures. Social acceptance was examined through surveys and focus group discussions with 42 households, focusing on willingness to pay, perceived benefits, and maintenance concerns.

Results: The hydrological assessment revealed a hydraulic potential of 17.4 kW at mean flow, with Q60 selected as the design discharge. Prototype testing achieved a peak efficiency of 68% and stable voltage (220 V ± 4%) and frequency (49.7–50.3 Hz). The LCOE was calculated at USD 0.14/kWh, significantly below the local diesel benchmark (USD 0.32–0.38/kWh), and remained viable under sensitivity scenarios. Social surveys showed high acceptance, with 83% of households willing to pay and 91% reporting positive benefits..

Conclusions: Microhydro, when designed with context-specific hydrological, technical, and social considerations, represents a reliable and cost-effective pathway for sustainable rural electrification in remote communities.