Utilization of Palm Oil Waste as Raw Material for Making Environmentally Friendly Biobriquettes
Keywords:
Biobriquettes, Palm Oil Waste, Renewable Energy, Calorific Value, Exhaust EmissionsAbstract
Purpose: This study aims to analyze the potential of palm oil waste specifically shells, fibers, and empty fruit bunches (EFB) as raw materials for producing environmentally friendly biobriquettes. The research evaluates their chemical composition, mechanical properties, and thermal performance to determine the most suitable biomass source for high-quality fuel production.
Subjects and Methods: The materials used were palm kernel shells, fibers, and EFB obtained from palm oil mills. Each biomass type underwent cleaning, drying, milling, carbonization at 400–500°C, and briquette formation using 5% tapioca starch adhesive. Laboratory analyses included moisture, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, ash content, calorific value, emissions, mechanical strength, and thermal behavior. Data were processed using descriptive-comparative analysis to identify performance differences.
Results: Shells showed the highest lignin and cellulose levels, improved compaction, and superior calorific value (18.2 MJ/kg). They also produced the lowest emissions and exhibited excellent mechanical durability. Fiber briquettes demonstrated moderate quality, with acceptable strength and combustion performance but higher moisture and ash content. EFB briquettes recorded the lowest density, highest ash content, weakest strength, and lowest calorific value (12.3 MJ/kg), making them less efficient unless blended with other biomass.
Conclusions: Palm kernel shells are the most promising raw material for biobriquette production, while fibers remain viable alternatives. EFB is better used in mixed formulations. Overall, palm oil waste presents significant potential for renewable energy development and sustainable waste management.
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